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Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Waiver Proposal for Global Health Equity in COVID-19 Pandemic: The Challenges and Dynamics
Corresponding Author(s) : Zain Maulana
Proceedings Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Undergraduate Conference,
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): Crafting Innovation for Global Benefit
Abstract
The TRIPS waiver is a proposal by India with South Africa submitted to the WTO. The Proposal contains certain exceptions to the applicable TRIPS Agreement. This Waiver Proposal was submitted because of the inequity conditions between rich and poor countries accessing health products in eradicating the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze the success of the TRIPS Waiver in fighting for equity distribution of global health facilities in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic from the start of the pandemic to the end of 2022 by examining the challenges and dynamics of the proposal submission process at the WTO. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method by reviewing literature or secondary data. In analyzing the challenges and dynamics of the TRIPS Waiver Proposal process at the WTO, the authors use the norm life cycle concept and find results that the internalization of norms has not been fully formed because the domination of big countries of WTO members have not agreed on all aspects of the TRIPS Waiver proposal, or it can be said that the TRIPS Waiver Proposal has not been fully agreed upon as a new norm in overcoming global health inequity. Even though the supporting tipping point has exceeded 1/3, full support is needed for the success of the TRIPS Waiver Proposal, as voting in the WTO is based on consensus. The novelty of this research is the use of the norm life cycle concept in the implementation process.
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- Akhtar, S. I. (2022). World Trade Organization: “TRIPS Waiver” for COVID-19 Vaccines. Congressional Research Service.
- Chakraborty, S. (2022, August 22). India renews push for extending TRIPS waiver beyond Covid vaccines within two months of WTO deal. Retrieved from Money Control: https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/policy/india-renews-push-for-extending-trips-waiver-beyond-covid-vaccines-within-two-months-of-wto-deal-9068081.html
- Dugard, J., Sucker, F., Porter, B., & Burton, J. (2021, November 29). Supporting the TRIPS COVID-19 waiver is an essential step to support international human rights. Retrieved from Open Global Rights: https://www.openglobalrights.org/supporting-the-trips-covid-waiver-is-essential-to-support-international-human-rights/
- Fatizah, S. (2022). Kemanusiaan Vs Kapitalisme di Era Pandemi Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID19): Ekslusifitas Paten Vs Lisensi Wajib. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan (JISIP), 1951-1963.
- Ferianto. (2021, February 8). Hak Kekayaan Intelektual: "The Art of Compromised". Retrieved from KOMPAS.com: https://money.kompas.com/read/2021/02/08/050900726/hak-kekayaan-intelektual--the-art-of-compromised-?page=all
- Ferris, L. (2021, September 14). Intellectual property agreements and COVID-19– proposals to ensure access to treatments. Retrieved from Parliament of Australis: https://www.aph.gov.au/
- Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization, 887-917.
- Heilprin, J. (2022, December 16). Divided World Trade Organization Presses to Delay Decision on IP Waiver for COVID Treatments. Retrieved from Heath Policy Watch: https://healthpolicy-watch.news/divided-world-trade-organization-presses-to-delay-decision-on-ip-waiver-for-covid-treatments/
- IGJ. (2021, July 22). Babak Baru Perundingan TRIPS Waiver, dimulainya Negosiasi Berbasis Teks. Retrieved from Indonesia For Global Justice: https://igj.or.id/babak-baru-perundingan-trips-waiver-dimulainya-negosiasi-berbasis-teks/
- IGJ. (2021, January 26). Indonesia for Global Justice. Retrieved from WTO TRIPS Waiver - Indonesia for Global Justice: https://igj.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Lembar-fakta-igj-2021.pdf
- IGJ. (2021, November 11). Menuju KTM WTO ke-12: Kegagalan WTO Merespon Pandemi Global. Retrieved from Indonesia For Global Justice: https://igj.or.id/menuju-ktm-wto-ke-12-kegagalan-wto-merespon-pandemi-global/
- Kohler, J., Wong, A., & Tailor, L. (2022). mproving Access to COVID-19 Vaccines: An Analysis of TRIPS Waiver Discourse among WTO Members, Civil Society Organizations, and Pharmaceutical Industry Stakeholders. Health and Human Rights Journal, 159-175.
- Krasner, S. D. (1983). Structural causes and regime consequences: Regimes as intervening variables. In International Regimes (pp. 185-205). United Kingdom: Cornell University Press.
- Mercurio, B., & Upreti, P. N. (2022). From Necessity to Flexibility: A Reflection on the Negotiations for a TRIPS Waiver for Covid-19 Vaccines and Treatments. Cambridge University Press, 633 - 649.
- Qurani, H. (2021, June 21). Waiver Trips Agreement, Jalan Pintas Terabas Eksklusivitas Paten. Retrieved from hukum online .com: https://www.hukumonline.com
- Richter, A. (2017). The Norm Life Cycle of the UN Reform: “Delivering as One and UN System Wide Coherence”. Hournal of International Organizations Studies, 25-46.
- Sangal, A. (2021, December 2). A battle is brewing at the WTO. Here’s why it matters for a global Covid-19 response. Retrieved from CNN Business: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/02/intl_business/wto-trips-waiver-ip-india-south-africa-coronavirus-pandemic/index.html
- Sariola, S. (2021). Intellectual property rights need to be subverted to ensure global vaccine access. BMJ Global Health, 1-3.
- Sebayang, A. (2021, June 3). Apa Saja Tantangan Kesehatan Global yang Perlu Kita Ketahui? Berikut Uraian dari WHO. Retrieved from cisdi: https://cisdi.org/
- Seni, K. (2017, November 6). Koalisi Seni. Retrieved from Seni dalam Kovenan PBB: https://koalisiseni.or.id/seni-dalam-kovenan-pbb/
- Singh, B., Chattu, V. K., Kaur, J., Mol , R., Gauttam, P., & Singh, B. (2022). COVID-19 and Global Distributive Justice: ‘Health Diplomacy’ of India and South Africa for the TRIPS waiver. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 1-19.
- Thambisetty, S., McMahon, A., McDonagh, L., Kang, H. Y., & Dutfield, G. (2022, May 31). The COVID-19 TRIPS Waiver Process in Critical Review: An Appraisal of the WTO DG Text (IP/C/W/688) and Recommendations for Minimum Modifications. Retrieved from SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4124497
- Titievskaia, J. (2021, June 18). European Parliament. Retrieved from World Trade Organization TRIPS waiver to tackle coronavirus: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/
- WTO. (2022, December 16). Members to stretch deadline on extending TRIPS Decision to COVID diagnostics, therapeutics. Retrieved from World Trade Oraganization: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news22_e/trip_15dec22_e.htm
- WTO. (2022). What are intellectual property rights? Retrieved from World Trade Organization: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel1_e.htm#:~:text=Intellectual%20property%20rights%20are%20the,a%20certain%20period%20of%20time.
- WTO. (n.d.). Whose WTO is it anyway? . Retrieved from World Trade Organization: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org1_e.htm#:~:text=The%20WTO%20is%20run%20by,are%20normally%20taken%20by%20consensus.
- Yu, P. K. (2022, June 30). The COVID-19 TRIPS Waiver and the WTO Ministerial Decision. Retrieved from SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4150090
- Zhu, A. (2021, February 16). Indonesia For Global Justice. Retrieved from Situasi Terkini pada TRIPS Waiver: https://igj.or.id/situasi-terkini-pada-trips-waiver/
- Zuhn, D. (2022, December 11). Nine Countries Seek Extension of WTO Waiver to COVID-19 Therapeutics and Diagnostics. Retrieved from Patent Docs: https://www.patentdocs.org/2022/12/nine-countries-seek-extension-of-wto-waiver-to-covid-19-therapeutics-and-diagnostics.html
References
Akhtar, S. I. (2022). World Trade Organization: “TRIPS Waiver” for COVID-19 Vaccines. Congressional Research Service.
Chakraborty, S. (2022, August 22). India renews push for extending TRIPS waiver beyond Covid vaccines within two months of WTO deal. Retrieved from Money Control: https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/policy/india-renews-push-for-extending-trips-waiver-beyond-covid-vaccines-within-two-months-of-wto-deal-9068081.html
Dugard, J., Sucker, F., Porter, B., & Burton, J. (2021, November 29). Supporting the TRIPS COVID-19 waiver is an essential step to support international human rights. Retrieved from Open Global Rights: https://www.openglobalrights.org/supporting-the-trips-covid-waiver-is-essential-to-support-international-human-rights/
Fatizah, S. (2022). Kemanusiaan Vs Kapitalisme di Era Pandemi Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID19): Ekslusifitas Paten Vs Lisensi Wajib. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan (JISIP), 1951-1963.
Ferianto. (2021, February 8). Hak Kekayaan Intelektual: "The Art of Compromised". Retrieved from KOMPAS.com: https://money.kompas.com/read/2021/02/08/050900726/hak-kekayaan-intelektual--the-art-of-compromised-?page=all
Ferris, L. (2021, September 14). Intellectual property agreements and COVID-19– proposals to ensure access to treatments. Retrieved from Parliament of Australis: https://www.aph.gov.au/
Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization, 887-917.
Heilprin, J. (2022, December 16). Divided World Trade Organization Presses to Delay Decision on IP Waiver for COVID Treatments. Retrieved from Heath Policy Watch: https://healthpolicy-watch.news/divided-world-trade-organization-presses-to-delay-decision-on-ip-waiver-for-covid-treatments/
IGJ. (2021, July 22). Babak Baru Perundingan TRIPS Waiver, dimulainya Negosiasi Berbasis Teks. Retrieved from Indonesia For Global Justice: https://igj.or.id/babak-baru-perundingan-trips-waiver-dimulainya-negosiasi-berbasis-teks/
IGJ. (2021, January 26). Indonesia for Global Justice. Retrieved from WTO TRIPS Waiver - Indonesia for Global Justice: https://igj.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Lembar-fakta-igj-2021.pdf
IGJ. (2021, November 11). Menuju KTM WTO ke-12: Kegagalan WTO Merespon Pandemi Global. Retrieved from Indonesia For Global Justice: https://igj.or.id/menuju-ktm-wto-ke-12-kegagalan-wto-merespon-pandemi-global/
Kohler, J., Wong, A., & Tailor, L. (2022). mproving Access to COVID-19 Vaccines: An Analysis of TRIPS Waiver Discourse among WTO Members, Civil Society Organizations, and Pharmaceutical Industry Stakeholders. Health and Human Rights Journal, 159-175.
Krasner, S. D. (1983). Structural causes and regime consequences: Regimes as intervening variables. In International Regimes (pp. 185-205). United Kingdom: Cornell University Press.
Mercurio, B., & Upreti, P. N. (2022). From Necessity to Flexibility: A Reflection on the Negotiations for a TRIPS Waiver for Covid-19 Vaccines and Treatments. Cambridge University Press, 633 - 649.
Qurani, H. (2021, June 21). Waiver Trips Agreement, Jalan Pintas Terabas Eksklusivitas Paten. Retrieved from hukum online .com: https://www.hukumonline.com
Richter, A. (2017). The Norm Life Cycle of the UN Reform: “Delivering as One and UN System Wide Coherence”. Hournal of International Organizations Studies, 25-46.
Sangal, A. (2021, December 2). A battle is brewing at the WTO. Here’s why it matters for a global Covid-19 response. Retrieved from CNN Business: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/02/intl_business/wto-trips-waiver-ip-india-south-africa-coronavirus-pandemic/index.html
Sariola, S. (2021). Intellectual property rights need to be subverted to ensure global vaccine access. BMJ Global Health, 1-3.
Sebayang, A. (2021, June 3). Apa Saja Tantangan Kesehatan Global yang Perlu Kita Ketahui? Berikut Uraian dari WHO. Retrieved from cisdi: https://cisdi.org/
Seni, K. (2017, November 6). Koalisi Seni. Retrieved from Seni dalam Kovenan PBB: https://koalisiseni.or.id/seni-dalam-kovenan-pbb/
Singh, B., Chattu, V. K., Kaur, J., Mol , R., Gauttam, P., & Singh, B. (2022). COVID-19 and Global Distributive Justice: ‘Health Diplomacy’ of India and South Africa for the TRIPS waiver. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 1-19.
Thambisetty, S., McMahon, A., McDonagh, L., Kang, H. Y., & Dutfield, G. (2022, May 31). The COVID-19 TRIPS Waiver Process in Critical Review: An Appraisal of the WTO DG Text (IP/C/W/688) and Recommendations for Minimum Modifications. Retrieved from SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4124497
Titievskaia, J. (2021, June 18). European Parliament. Retrieved from World Trade Organization TRIPS waiver to tackle coronavirus: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/
WTO. (2022, December 16). Members to stretch deadline on extending TRIPS Decision to COVID diagnostics, therapeutics. Retrieved from World Trade Oraganization: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news22_e/trip_15dec22_e.htm
WTO. (2022). What are intellectual property rights? Retrieved from World Trade Organization: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel1_e.htm#:~:text=Intellectual%20property%20rights%20are%20the,a%20certain%20period%20of%20time.
WTO. (n.d.). Whose WTO is it anyway? . Retrieved from World Trade Organization: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org1_e.htm#:~:text=The%20WTO%20is%20run%20by,are%20normally%20taken%20by%20consensus.
Yu, P. K. (2022, June 30). The COVID-19 TRIPS Waiver and the WTO Ministerial Decision. Retrieved from SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4150090
Zhu, A. (2021, February 16). Indonesia For Global Justice. Retrieved from Situasi Terkini pada TRIPS Waiver: https://igj.or.id/situasi-terkini-pada-trips-waiver/
Zuhn, D. (2022, December 11). Nine Countries Seek Extension of WTO Waiver to COVID-19 Therapeutics and Diagnostics. Retrieved from Patent Docs: https://www.patentdocs.org/2022/12/nine-countries-seek-extension-of-wto-waiver-to-covid-19-therapeutics-and-diagnostics.html