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Analysis of Perception Theory: Normalization of Turkiye - Israel Relations in the Erdogan Era
Corresponding Author(s) : Sugito
Proceedings Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Undergraduate Conference,
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): Crafting Innovation for Global Benefit
Abstract
This article begins with the issue of restoring diplomatic relations between Turkey and Israel after previously being terminated by Erdogan due to the Mavi Marmara ship incident. This issue is a problem because Erdogan seems inconsistent in implementing his policies. Therefore, this article tries to explain foreign policy changes using a constructivist approach that focuses on individuals and uses Perception Theory formulated by Holsti as an analytical tool. This research found that the normalization of relations between Turkey and Israel was caused by a change in Erdogan's perception of looking at Turkey because of his nationalism, where there is a desire and interest to make Turkey a big, advanced, and prosperous country. Apart from that, the values of nationalism that Erdogan adheres to also influence Erdogan's views so that he considers severing or freezing relations with Israel to be an obstacle to Turkey achieving progress and a threat. Therefore, for the sake of progress and protection of the homeland, Erdogan adopted a normalization policy. Most previous research analyzes this problem using the perspective of the state as a political actor, and not many studies specifically focus on Erdogan as an individual in making decisions. Therefore, this research tries to explore this problem from a different perspective, using the perspective and theory of individuals as political actor as well as policies based on constructivist values, where research from this perspective is still rarely discussed.
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- Akgun, Gundogar, M., & Gorgulu, A. (2014). Politics in Troubled Times: Israel-Turkey Relations. Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation.
- Akim, & Ruhiat, F. (2020). Klaim Sepihak Donald Trump Terhadap Kota Yarusalem Sebagai Ibukota Israel Dalam prespektif Konstruktivisme. Retrieved from ResearchGate.
- ALARABIANews. (2016, January 2016). Turkey needs Israel, says Erdogan. Retrieved from ALARABIA News: https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2016/01/02/Turkey-needs-Israel-says-Erdogan
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- Alsaftawi, M. (2016). Who Needs Whom?: Turkey and Israel Agree on Normalization Deal. Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI).
- Arbar, T. F. (2022, May 25). Tingkatkan Kerja Sama Ekonomi, Israel & Turki Kian Mesra. Retrieved from CNBC Indonesia: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220525191300-4-341965/tingkatkan-kerja-sama-ekonomi-israel-turki-kian-mesra
- Arifiangko, Z. (2016, April 8). The Restoration on Full Diplomatic Relations Between Turkey and Israel. Retrieved from Repository UMY: http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/11782
- Aydintasbas, A. (2018, December 13). Erdogan The Nationalist Vs Erdogan The Islamist . Retrieved from Hoover Institution: https://www.hoover.org/research/erdogan-nationalist-vs-erdogan-islamist
- Bahri, S. (2017). Pemikiran Politik Reccep Tayib Erdogan (Studi terhadap Pergulatan Politik Sekuler Versus Islam dalam Revolusi Turki). Jurnal Middle East Islamic Studies , 330-378.
- Benjamin, D. (2016). Turkey’s Support for Hamas: A Bridge Too Far? . Journal of the Centre for the Study of Law & Public Policy at Oxford, 1-36.
- Buzan, B., & Hansen, L. (2009). The Evolution of International Security Studies . New York: Cambridge University Press.
- CNNIndonesia. (2022, April 9). Erdogan Presiden Turki dan Simbol Kebangkitan Islam di Eropa. Retrieved from CNN Indonesia: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20220409061250-134-782506/erdogan-presiden-turki-dan-simbol-kebangkitan-islam-di-eropa
- Dinc, C., & Yetim, M. (2012). Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy Toward the Middle East : From Non-Involvement to a Leading Role. ALTERNATIVES TURKISH JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, 68-81.
- Fericandra, A. A. (2016). Ambivalence of the Implementation of Neo-Ottomanism in Turkish Foreign Policy against Israel (2009-2014). Jurnal Hubungan Internasional .
- France24. (2022, August 17). Turkey, Israel to restore full diplomatic ties. Retrieved from France 24: https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20220817-turkey-israel-to-restore-full-diplomatic-ties
- Friedmen, M., & Fraser, F. (2011, September 2). Turkey expels Israeli ambassador, cuts ties with military over Gaza flotilla raid. Retrieved from Global News: https://globalnews.ca/news/150567/turkey-expels-israeli-ambassador-cuts-ties-with-military-over-gaza-flotilla-raid/
- Harahap, H. (2018). PERJUANGAN RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN DARI REPUBLIK TURKI SEKULAR MENUJU NASIONALISME ISLAMIS. Hadrahah Jurnal Keislaman dan Peradaban Vol 12, No 2 .
- Harahap, H. (2018). PERJUANGAN RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN DARI REPUBLIK TURKI SEKULAR MENUJU NASIONALISME ISLAMIS. Hadharah: Jurnal Keislaman dan Peradaban, 77.
- Hukom, D. A. (2019). Negara Islam Sebagai Idealisme Yang Harus Berhadapan dengan Realitas Kehidupan Kehidupan di Bumi Nusantara. Jurnal Islam Nusantara .
- Ibrahim, M. K., & Nor, M. R. (2019). Pasang Surut Hubungan Turki-Israel: Kajian terhadap Hubungan Dua Hala pada Era Erdogan. UMRAN International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies vol. 6, no.1, 1-14.
- Jones, W. S. (1992). Logika Hubungan Internasional. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
- Junaidi, A. (2016). Kebijakan Politik Recep Tayyib Erdogan dan Islamisme Turki Kontemporer. IN RIGHT Jurnal Agama dan Hak Azazi Manusia, 147-152.
- Junianto, B. (2013, September 8). Erdogam Selamatkan Martabat Bendera Turki di KTT G20. Retrieved from VIVANews: https://www.viva.co.id/amp/berita/dunia/442368-erdogan-selamatkan-martabat-bendera-turki-di-ktt-g20?page=2&utm_medium=selanjutnya-2
- Kratochwil, F. (1989). Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lindenstrauss, G., & Daniel, R. (2022, August 28). Normalization between Turkey and Israel: Will it Last? Retrieved from INSS The Institute for National Security Studies: https://www.inss.org.il/publication/turkey-israel-normalization/
- Mada, K. (2020, Agustus 4). Turki Pertahankan Sekulerisme Warisan Ataturk. Retrieved from Kompas.id: https://www.kompas.id/baca/internasional/2020/08/04/turki-pertahankan-sekularisme-warisan-ataturk
- Marzaman, A. P. (2011). Recep Tayyib Erdogan:Turki, Islam, dan Uni Eropa. HEPTAcentrum Press.
- Myre, G. (2005, Mei 02). Turkish Leader Visits Israel, Restoring Friendly Ties. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/02/world/middleeast/turkish-leader-visits-israel-restoring-friendly-ties.html
- Nurmamurti, R. A., Faradila, A. Y., Rismanto, A. I., Afifah, S. N., Hamida, A., & Sari, K. H. (2022). Analisa Kebijakan Luar Negeri Trump: Studi Kasus Perang Dagang Amerika Serikat - China. SOSPOLI.
- Permana, F. E. (2020, Agustus 12). Manuver Erdogan dan Ikhwanul Muslimin, Wujudkan Neo Ottoman? Retrieved from Republika.co.id: https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qex5j2320/manuver-erdogan-dan-ikhwanul-muslimin-wujudkan-neo-ottoman
- Pradana, H. A. (2016). Persepsi Suharto dan Perubahan Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia terhadap Cina pada Awal Orde Baru. Indonesian Perspective, 24-41.
- Purwanto, S. (2020, Juli 20). Recep Tayib Erdogan Mengisi Kekosongan Pemimpin Islam. Retrieved from PWMU: https://pwmu.co/155898/07/20/recep-tayyip-erdogan-mengisi-kepemimpinan-dunia-islam/
- Rofii, D. M. (2020). Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Revolusi Dalam Sunyi. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD.
- Rozi, R. M., & Nor, M. R. (2016). Kesan Misi Bantuan Kemanusiaan Freedom Flotilla ke Gaza. International Journal of West Asian Studies, 8(1), 7-17.
- Salim, A. A. (2017). Pengaruh Presepsi Barack Obama Terhadap Kebijakan Normalisasi Hubungan DIplomatik Amerika Serikat-Kuba. Retrieved from Eprints.umm.
- Salsabila, H., Prasodjo, H., & Suhermanto, D. F. (2022). Turkey's Efforts to Normalize Diplomatic Relations with Israel after Withdrawal of Ambassadors both of the Two Countries in 2018. Global Political Studies Journal, 152-163.
- Sannit, A. S. (2018, April 20). Konsistensi Angela Merkel dalam Mempertahankan Kebijakan Pintu Terbuka Tahun 2015. Retrieved from Repository UMY: http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/18718
- Saslim, A. A. (2017, Januari 8). PENGARUH PERSEPSI BARACK OBAMA TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN NORMALISASI HUBUNGAN DIPLOMATIK AMERIKA SERIKAT-KUBA. Retrieved from UMM Institutional Repositoy: https://eprints.umm.ac.id/36195/
- Sawlani, S. M. (2018, 08 27). ALASAN PEMULIHAN HUBUNGAN BILATERAL TURKI DAN ISRAEL DI ERA PRESIDEN ERDOGAN TAHUN 2016. Retrieved from UMY Repository: http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/21367.
- Sekulow, J. A. (2016). Turkey-Israel Relations. Journal of the Centre for the Study of Law & Public Policy at Oxford, 1-28.
- Siregar, J. (2017, April 8). Implikasi Kebijakan ERdogan Terhadap Krlompok Gulnisme Pasca Kudet Militer Turki 2016. Retrieved from Repository UMY: http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/11801
- Sofwanandi, G. R. (2016). Kebijakan Turki Dibawah Kepemimpinan Erdogan Dalam Upaya Penyelesaian Kasus Genosida Etnis Minoritas Muslim Rohingya Di Myanmar. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional , 9-10.
- Taghian, S. (2012). Erdogan Muadzin Penakluk Sekularisme Turki. Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar.
- Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., & DeVault, M. (2015). Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- The Guardian. (2009, Januari 30). Retrieved from Recep Erdogan storms out of Davos after clash with Israeli president over Gaza: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/30/turkish-prime-minister-gaza-davos.
- Tobing, F. B., & Nurwijoyo, A. (2020 ). Turkish Islam-Nationalism Under AKP: A New Model for the Muslim World? Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional.
- Tür, Ö. (2012). Turkey and Israel in the 2000s—From Cooperation to Conflict. Israel Studies Vol. 17, No. 3 , 45-66 .
- Uzer, U. (2013). Turkish-Israeli Relations: Their Rise and Fall. Middle East Policy, XX(1), 97-110.
- Wirawan, F. (2016). NORMALISASI HUBUNGAN TURKI-ISRAEL PASCA INSIDEN MAVI MARMARA (2010-2016). Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
- Wiryawan, R. R., Azzahra, A., Nurshadrina, D. A., & Imanjaya, A. C. (2021). Signifikansi Kebijakan Opendoor Policy Turki di Bawah Presiden Tayyip Erdogan. Jurnal Polinter Prodi Ilmu Politik FISIP UTA 45 Jakarta.
- Zulfikar, F. (2021, Juli 14). Nasionalisme: Arti, Tujuan, dan Contohnya. Retrieved from detikEdu: https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-5643019/nasionalisme-arti-tujuan-dan-contohnya
References
Akgun, Gundogar, M., & Gorgulu, A. (2014). Politics in Troubled Times: Israel-Turkey Relations. Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation.
Akim, & Ruhiat, F. (2020). Klaim Sepihak Donald Trump Terhadap Kota Yarusalem Sebagai Ibukota Israel Dalam prespektif Konstruktivisme. Retrieved from ResearchGate.
ALARABIANews. (2016, January 2016). Turkey needs Israel, says Erdogan. Retrieved from ALARABIA News: https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2016/01/02/Turkey-needs-Israel-says-Erdogan
ALJAZEERA. (2016, Juli 16). Timeline: A history of Turkish coups. Retrieved from ALJAZEERA NEWS: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/16/timeline-a-history-of-turkish-coups
Alsaftawi, M. (2016). Who Needs Whom?: Turkey and Israel Agree on Normalization Deal. Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI).
Arbar, T. F. (2022, May 25). Tingkatkan Kerja Sama Ekonomi, Israel & Turki Kian Mesra. Retrieved from CNBC Indonesia: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220525191300-4-341965/tingkatkan-kerja-sama-ekonomi-israel-turki-kian-mesra
Arifiangko, Z. (2016, April 8). The Restoration on Full Diplomatic Relations Between Turkey and Israel. Retrieved from Repository UMY: http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/11782
Aydintasbas, A. (2018, December 13). Erdogan The Nationalist Vs Erdogan The Islamist . Retrieved from Hoover Institution: https://www.hoover.org/research/erdogan-nationalist-vs-erdogan-islamist
Bahri, S. (2017). Pemikiran Politik Reccep Tayib Erdogan (Studi terhadap Pergulatan Politik Sekuler Versus Islam dalam Revolusi Turki). Jurnal Middle East Islamic Studies , 330-378.
Benjamin, D. (2016). Turkey’s Support for Hamas: A Bridge Too Far? . Journal of the Centre for the Study of Law & Public Policy at Oxford, 1-36.
Buzan, B., & Hansen, L. (2009). The Evolution of International Security Studies . New York: Cambridge University Press.
CNNIndonesia. (2022, April 9). Erdogan Presiden Turki dan Simbol Kebangkitan Islam di Eropa. Retrieved from CNN Indonesia: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20220409061250-134-782506/erdogan-presiden-turki-dan-simbol-kebangkitan-islam-di-eropa
Dinc, C., & Yetim, M. (2012). Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy Toward the Middle East : From Non-Involvement to a Leading Role. ALTERNATIVES TURKISH JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, 68-81.
Fericandra, A. A. (2016). Ambivalence of the Implementation of Neo-Ottomanism in Turkish Foreign Policy against Israel (2009-2014). Jurnal Hubungan Internasional .
France24. (2022, August 17). Turkey, Israel to restore full diplomatic ties. Retrieved from France 24: https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20220817-turkey-israel-to-restore-full-diplomatic-ties
Friedmen, M., & Fraser, F. (2011, September 2). Turkey expels Israeli ambassador, cuts ties with military over Gaza flotilla raid. Retrieved from Global News: https://globalnews.ca/news/150567/turkey-expels-israeli-ambassador-cuts-ties-with-military-over-gaza-flotilla-raid/
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Harahap, H. (2018). PERJUANGAN RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN DARI REPUBLIK TURKI SEKULAR MENUJU NASIONALISME ISLAMIS. Hadharah: Jurnal Keislaman dan Peradaban, 77.
Hukom, D. A. (2019). Negara Islam Sebagai Idealisme Yang Harus Berhadapan dengan Realitas Kehidupan Kehidupan di Bumi Nusantara. Jurnal Islam Nusantara .
Ibrahim, M. K., & Nor, M. R. (2019). Pasang Surut Hubungan Turki-Israel: Kajian terhadap Hubungan Dua Hala pada Era Erdogan. UMRAN International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies vol. 6, no.1, 1-14.
Jones, W. S. (1992). Logika Hubungan Internasional. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Junaidi, A. (2016). Kebijakan Politik Recep Tayyib Erdogan dan Islamisme Turki Kontemporer. IN RIGHT Jurnal Agama dan Hak Azazi Manusia, 147-152.
Junianto, B. (2013, September 8). Erdogam Selamatkan Martabat Bendera Turki di KTT G20. Retrieved from VIVANews: https://www.viva.co.id/amp/berita/dunia/442368-erdogan-selamatkan-martabat-bendera-turki-di-ktt-g20?page=2&utm_medium=selanjutnya-2
Kratochwil, F. (1989). Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lindenstrauss, G., & Daniel, R. (2022, August 28). Normalization between Turkey and Israel: Will it Last? Retrieved from INSS The Institute for National Security Studies: https://www.inss.org.il/publication/turkey-israel-normalization/
Mada, K. (2020, Agustus 4). Turki Pertahankan Sekulerisme Warisan Ataturk. Retrieved from Kompas.id: https://www.kompas.id/baca/internasional/2020/08/04/turki-pertahankan-sekularisme-warisan-ataturk
Marzaman, A. P. (2011). Recep Tayyib Erdogan:Turki, Islam, dan Uni Eropa. HEPTAcentrum Press.
Myre, G. (2005, Mei 02). Turkish Leader Visits Israel, Restoring Friendly Ties. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/02/world/middleeast/turkish-leader-visits-israel-restoring-friendly-ties.html
Nurmamurti, R. A., Faradila, A. Y., Rismanto, A. I., Afifah, S. N., Hamida, A., & Sari, K. H. (2022). Analisa Kebijakan Luar Negeri Trump: Studi Kasus Perang Dagang Amerika Serikat - China. SOSPOLI.
Permana, F. E. (2020, Agustus 12). Manuver Erdogan dan Ikhwanul Muslimin, Wujudkan Neo Ottoman? Retrieved from Republika.co.id: https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qex5j2320/manuver-erdogan-dan-ikhwanul-muslimin-wujudkan-neo-ottoman
Pradana, H. A. (2016). Persepsi Suharto dan Perubahan Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia terhadap Cina pada Awal Orde Baru. Indonesian Perspective, 24-41.
Purwanto, S. (2020, Juli 20). Recep Tayib Erdogan Mengisi Kekosongan Pemimpin Islam. Retrieved from PWMU: https://pwmu.co/155898/07/20/recep-tayyip-erdogan-mengisi-kepemimpinan-dunia-islam/
Rofii, D. M. (2020). Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Revolusi Dalam Sunyi. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD.
Rozi, R. M., & Nor, M. R. (2016). Kesan Misi Bantuan Kemanusiaan Freedom Flotilla ke Gaza. International Journal of West Asian Studies, 8(1), 7-17.
Salim, A. A. (2017). Pengaruh Presepsi Barack Obama Terhadap Kebijakan Normalisasi Hubungan DIplomatik Amerika Serikat-Kuba. Retrieved from Eprints.umm.
Salsabila, H., Prasodjo, H., & Suhermanto, D. F. (2022). Turkey's Efforts to Normalize Diplomatic Relations with Israel after Withdrawal of Ambassadors both of the Two Countries in 2018. Global Political Studies Journal, 152-163.
Sannit, A. S. (2018, April 20). Konsistensi Angela Merkel dalam Mempertahankan Kebijakan Pintu Terbuka Tahun 2015. Retrieved from Repository UMY: http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/18718
Saslim, A. A. (2017, Januari 8). PENGARUH PERSEPSI BARACK OBAMA TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN NORMALISASI HUBUNGAN DIPLOMATIK AMERIKA SERIKAT-KUBA. Retrieved from UMM Institutional Repositoy: https://eprints.umm.ac.id/36195/
Sawlani, S. M. (2018, 08 27). ALASAN PEMULIHAN HUBUNGAN BILATERAL TURKI DAN ISRAEL DI ERA PRESIDEN ERDOGAN TAHUN 2016. Retrieved from UMY Repository: http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/21367.
Sekulow, J. A. (2016). Turkey-Israel Relations. Journal of the Centre for the Study of Law & Public Policy at Oxford, 1-28.
Siregar, J. (2017, April 8). Implikasi Kebijakan ERdogan Terhadap Krlompok Gulnisme Pasca Kudet Militer Turki 2016. Retrieved from Repository UMY: http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/11801
Sofwanandi, G. R. (2016). Kebijakan Turki Dibawah Kepemimpinan Erdogan Dalam Upaya Penyelesaian Kasus Genosida Etnis Minoritas Muslim Rohingya Di Myanmar. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional , 9-10.
Taghian, S. (2012). Erdogan Muadzin Penakluk Sekularisme Turki. Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar.
Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., & DeVault, M. (2015). Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
The Guardian. (2009, Januari 30). Retrieved from Recep Erdogan storms out of Davos after clash with Israeli president over Gaza: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/30/turkish-prime-minister-gaza-davos.
Tobing, F. B., & Nurwijoyo, A. (2020 ). Turkish Islam-Nationalism Under AKP: A New Model for the Muslim World? Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional.
Tür, Ö. (2012). Turkey and Israel in the 2000s—From Cooperation to Conflict. Israel Studies Vol. 17, No. 3 , 45-66 .
Uzer, U. (2013). Turkish-Israeli Relations: Their Rise and Fall. Middle East Policy, XX(1), 97-110.
Wirawan, F. (2016). NORMALISASI HUBUNGAN TURKI-ISRAEL PASCA INSIDEN MAVI MARMARA (2010-2016). Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
Wiryawan, R. R., Azzahra, A., Nurshadrina, D. A., & Imanjaya, A. C. (2021). Signifikansi Kebijakan Opendoor Policy Turki di Bawah Presiden Tayyip Erdogan. Jurnal Polinter Prodi Ilmu Politik FISIP UTA 45 Jakarta.
Zulfikar, F. (2021, Juli 14). Nasionalisme: Arti, Tujuan, dan Contohnya. Retrieved from detikEdu: https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-5643019/nasionalisme-arti-tujuan-dan-contohnya