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Islamophobia: Discrimination Against Muslims in America in Attempt to Maintain Global Hegemony
Corresponding Author(s) : Sayyidah Ilman Nisa
Proceedings Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Undergraduate Conference,
Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022): Strengthening Youth Potentials for Sustainable Innovation
Abstract
Islamophobia emerged in 1992 and has spread since
9/11 when a terrorist attack brought down the Twin Towers
of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York. In its
history, America is the inheritor of the "Western
Domination" of Europe during the imperialism era. Then
with an increasingly advanced era, globalization is
increasingly demanding to carry out all foreign policies of
a country that does not contain elements of violence and
upholds peace. So America uses soft power in issuing all its
policies, one of which is related to the issue of
Islamophobia. The number of issues of anti-Islam
discrimination in the west has attracted a lot of international
attention, so this is the reason why the writer investigates
this matter. The purpose of this study is to find out the
American Strategy on Islamophobia to uphold world
hegemony. By using descriptive qualitative research
analysis techniques and literature studies such as sources
from books, journals, documents, and reports. The author
finds that America uses all the power it has to influence
other countries. This finding is corroborated by the concept
of framing in the media to spread Islamophobia. By relying
on its strength, America gets financial assistance from
various lines as a supporter of US policy. In addition, the
author also analyzes the constructivist theory approach
where all phenomena that occur are based on construction
results with various national interests and actors behind
them. In the end, it aims to find out the indications and
objectives of the current and future United States foreign
policy in its international politics as well as efforts to
minimize anti-Islamic sentiment in the west.
Keywords
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- Adamson, W. L. (1980). The Formative Years. In W. L.
- Adamson, Hegemony and Revolution - A Study of
- Antonio Gramsci's Political And Cultural Theory
- (p. 10). Los Angeles, Berkeley, London, England:
- University of California Press.
- Ainurrafiq, F. A. (2019). PENGARUH SERANGAN
- TEROR WORLD TRADE CENTER (WTC) 9/11
- TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN
- ISLAMOPHOBIA DI PERANCIS. Universitas
- Pasundan, 2-3. Retrieved from
- http://repository.unpas.ac.id/id/eprint/41608
- AKBAR, M. M. (2017). EKSISTENSI GERAKAN
- PERLAWANAN SUBKULTUR PUNK DI
- AMERIKA SERIKAT OLEH GREEN DAY
- TERHADAP PRESIDEN GEORGE W. BUSH
- PASCA TRAGEDI 9/11. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan
- Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, 5-6.
- Amallia, A. R. (2018, August 9). Peran fox news dalam
- kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat terkait
- pembatasan akses masuk enam negara muslim
- dunia di Era Donald Trump. Institutional
- Repository UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2-3.
- Retrieved from
- http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/12345
- /42804
- Aminah Khalid Rashid, M. S. (2018). A constructivist
- response to Islamophobia and counter terrorism.
- Reseacrh Gate, 5-6.
- Anisa, D. (2020). Hegemoni Wacana Islamophobia.
- (Guepedia, Ed.) Indonesia: Guepedia.com.
- Anton Earle, A. J. (2010). Transboundary Water
- Management - Principles and Practice. London,
- New York: Earthscan.
- Asrinda Amalia, A. H. (2019, September 19). Wacana
- Islamophobia di Media Massa. Medium Jurnal
- Ilmiah Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas
- Islam Riau, 7(1).
- Bates, T. R. (1975, April-June). Gramsci and the Theory of
- Hegemony. JSTOR, 36, 351.
- doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2708933
- Beydoun, K. A. (2015, September 29). Viewpoint:
- Islamophobia has a long history in the US.
- Retrieved from BBC News:
- https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34385051
- Bhaskara, I. L. (2018, September 11). Tragedi 9/11 dan
- Perang Abadi AS Terhadap Teror. Retrieved from
- Tirto.id: https://tirto.id/tragedi-9-11-dan-perangabadi-as-terhadap-teror-cXUA
- Churcill, W. (2011). The Islamophobic Foundation Of
- 'Western Civilization". In S. Sheehu, & D. G.
- Collier (Ed.), Islamophobia: The Ideological
- Campaign Against Muslims. Washington, USA:
- Clarity Press.
- DAUDA, K. O. (2020). ISLAMOPHOBIA AND
- RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE: THREATS TO
- GLOBAL PEACE AND HARMONIOUS COEXISTENCE. Qudus International Journal of
- Islamic Studies (QIJIS), 8 No. 2, 257.
- doi:10.21043/qijis.v8i2.6811
- GADA, M. M. (2020). ISLAMOPHOBIA AND ITS
- HISTORICAL ROOTS. Hamdard Islamicus,
- XL(2), 35.
- Helbling, M. (2012). Islamophobia in West-Measuring and
- Explaining Individual Attitudes. NewYork:
- Routledge.
- Hussein, S. (2013, January-June). Eksistensi Amerika
- Serikat Sebagai Kekuatan Global. FISIP UPN
- “Veteran” Jawa Timur, 1, 85-86.
- Iqbal, Z. (2010). Understanding Islamophobia:
- Conceptualizing and Measuring the Construct.
- European Journal of Social Sciences, 13(4), 575.
- Ismail, M. J. (2018). Islamophobia and the United States
- Presidential Policy (2001-2017). JURNAL
- WACANA SARJANA, II, 2.
- James w.Tankard, J. (2001). Chapter 4-The Empirical
- Approach to The Study of Media Framing. In O.
- H. Stephen D. Reese, Framing Public Life:
- Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of
- the Social World (pp. 95-101). Mhawa, New
- Jersey, Columbia, South Carolina, London:
- Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Kundnani, A. (2016). Islamophobia: lay ideology of US-led
- empire. International Institute of Islamic Thought,
- -5.
- Kusmawardani, R. S. (2017). KEBIJAKAN WAR ON
- TERRORISM PRESIDEN GEORGE W. BUSH
- DI TIMUR TENGAH. Repository Universitas
- Jember, 53. Retrieved from
- http://repository.unej.ac.id/handle/123456789/133
- Leal, A. D. (2020, June 19). The rise and fall of the United
- States in global hegemony. SciELO - Circuito
- Mario de la Cueva s/n. Ciudad de la Investigación
- en Humanidades, 50(199).
- doi:https://doi.org/10.22201/iiec.20078951e.2019
- .199.67934
- Mohamed, B. (2018, January 3). New estimates show U.S.
- Muslim population continues to grow. Retrieved
- from Pew Reseacrh Center:
- https://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2018/01/03/new-estimates-show-u-smuslim-population-continues-to-grow/
- Muhammad Qobidl' Ainul Arif, M. (2014). Politik
- Islamophobia Eropa: Menguak Eksistensi
- Sentimen ANti-Islam dalam Isu Keanggotaan di
- Turki. Yogayakarta, DIY Yogyakarta, Indonesia:
- Deepublish publisher.
- Muzni, N. (2020). Peran Media Dalam Mengkonstruksi
- Makna Islamophobia Sebagai Agama Teroris dan
- Ekstremis. In D. J. Unib, & S. M. Yuliati (Ed.),
- Bunga Rampai Riset Komunikasi (3rd ed., pp. 13-
- . Bengkulu: Desanta Muliavisitama Anggota
- IKAPI Daerah Banten No. 043/BANTEN/2020.
- Nashrullah, M. L. (2020, October 7). Diskriminasi di AS,
- Muslim Lebih Parah Dibanding Yahudi.
- Indonesia: Republika.co.id. Retrieved from
- Khazanah:
- https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qhswk4320/dis
- kriminasi-di-as-muslim-lebih-parah-dibandingyahudi
- NFARIDAHAZIMAH. (2016, January 7).
- ISLAMOPHOBIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF
- KONSTRUKTIVISME. Retrieved from
- Wordpress.com:
- https://nurfaridahazimah.wordpress.com/2016/01/
- /islamophobia-dalam-perspektifkonstruktivisme/
- Othman, S. A. (2019, January). Islamophobia as an
- Antithesis of Western Hegemony in John Updike’s
- Terrorist. International Journal of English,
- Literature and Social Science (IJELS), IV(5),
- -1558. doi:10.22161/ijels.45.44
- Putri, S. B. (2020). ISLAMOFOBIA DI KALANGAN
- MASYARAKAT BARAT DAN
- IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP UMAT ISLAM
- JERMAN DAN AMERIKA SERIKAT. UIN
- Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 85-88.
- Reddy, M. K. (2006, May 9). Colonialism. Retrieved from
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
- https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/?fbc
- lid=IwAR10jpgfTWlU5LEG3JgFnPA3308-
- _cMXg3bScbrzX26exDn3ZiaiLPkSQ
- REUS-SMIT, C. (2005). Chapter 8-Constructivism. In A.
- L.-S. Scott Burchill, Theories of International
- Relations (3rd ed., pp. 199-223). NewYork:
- PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.
- Schwarz, C. L. (1993). American Hegemony: Without an
- Enemy. JSTOR(92), 5.
- doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1149142
- SETIANINGSIH, N. A. (2015). Islamophobia As A
- Strategy of United States to Defend of World
- Hegemony. University of Muhammadiyah
- Yogyakarta , 2-3.
- Seyyed-Abdolhamid Mirhosseini, H. R. (2016).
- Introduction: Islamophobia as a global concern
- beyond Muslim communities. In H. R. Seyyed-
- Abdolhamid Mirhosseini, Instances of
- Islamophobia Demonizing the Muslim “Other”
- (pp. 6-10). United States of America: Lexington
- Books. Retrieved from
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283088
- Sheehi, S. (2018). Islamophobia: The Ideological Campaign
- Against Muslims. (S. Haider, Ed.) Journal of
- Language and Discrimination, II, 192-193. doi:
- https://doi.org/10.1558/jld.37360
- Wajahat Ali, E. C. (2011). Fear, Inc. – The Roots of the
- Islamophobia Network in America. America: The
- Cordoba Foundation.
- WALKER, S. L. (2013). Islamophobia in America: The
- Anatomy of Intolerance. In S. L. WALKER, & C.
- W. ERNST (Ed.), Islamophobia in America: The
- Anatomy of Intolerance (pp. 96-99). United States:
- Palgrave Macmillan.
- Wittes, T. C. (2007, March 22). American Hegemony: Myth
- and Reality. Retrieved from Brookings:
- https://www.brookings.edu/articles/americanhegemony-myth-and-reality/
- Zulian, I. (2019, February). ANALISIS PENGARUH
- ISLAMOPHOBIA TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN
- LUAR NEGERI AMERIKA SERIKAT DI
- PEMERINTAHAN DONALD TRUMP. Jurnal
- PIR, 3 No.2, 141. Retrieved from
- file:///C:/Users/LENOVO/Downloads/596-1775-
- -PB.pdf
References
Adamson, W. L. (1980). The Formative Years. In W. L.
Adamson, Hegemony and Revolution - A Study of
Antonio Gramsci's Political And Cultural Theory
(p. 10). Los Angeles, Berkeley, London, England:
University of California Press.
Ainurrafiq, F. A. (2019). PENGARUH SERANGAN
TEROR WORLD TRADE CENTER (WTC) 9/11
TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN
ISLAMOPHOBIA DI PERANCIS. Universitas
Pasundan, 2-3. Retrieved from
http://repository.unpas.ac.id/id/eprint/41608
AKBAR, M. M. (2017). EKSISTENSI GERAKAN
PERLAWANAN SUBKULTUR PUNK DI
AMERIKA SERIKAT OLEH GREEN DAY
TERHADAP PRESIDEN GEORGE W. BUSH
PASCA TRAGEDI 9/11. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan
Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, 5-6.
Amallia, A. R. (2018, August 9). Peran fox news dalam
kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat terkait
pembatasan akses masuk enam negara muslim
dunia di Era Donald Trump. Institutional
Repository UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2-3.
Retrieved from
http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/12345
/42804
Aminah Khalid Rashid, M. S. (2018). A constructivist
response to Islamophobia and counter terrorism.
Reseacrh Gate, 5-6.
Anisa, D. (2020). Hegemoni Wacana Islamophobia.
(Guepedia, Ed.) Indonesia: Guepedia.com.
Anton Earle, A. J. (2010). Transboundary Water
Management - Principles and Practice. London,
New York: Earthscan.
Asrinda Amalia, A. H. (2019, September 19). Wacana
Islamophobia di Media Massa. Medium Jurnal
Ilmiah Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas
Islam Riau, 7(1).
Bates, T. R. (1975, April-June). Gramsci and the Theory of
Hegemony. JSTOR, 36, 351.
doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2708933
Beydoun, K. A. (2015, September 29). Viewpoint:
Islamophobia has a long history in the US.
Retrieved from BBC News:
https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34385051
Bhaskara, I. L. (2018, September 11). Tragedi 9/11 dan
Perang Abadi AS Terhadap Teror. Retrieved from
Tirto.id: https://tirto.id/tragedi-9-11-dan-perangabadi-as-terhadap-teror-cXUA
Churcill, W. (2011). The Islamophobic Foundation Of
'Western Civilization". In S. Sheehu, & D. G.
Collier (Ed.), Islamophobia: The Ideological
Campaign Against Muslims. Washington, USA:
Clarity Press.
DAUDA, K. O. (2020). ISLAMOPHOBIA AND
RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE: THREATS TO
GLOBAL PEACE AND HARMONIOUS COEXISTENCE. Qudus International Journal of
Islamic Studies (QIJIS), 8 No. 2, 257.
doi:10.21043/qijis.v8i2.6811
GADA, M. M. (2020). ISLAMOPHOBIA AND ITS
HISTORICAL ROOTS. Hamdard Islamicus,
XL(2), 35.
Helbling, M. (2012). Islamophobia in West-Measuring and
Explaining Individual Attitudes. NewYork:
Routledge.
Hussein, S. (2013, January-June). Eksistensi Amerika
Serikat Sebagai Kekuatan Global. FISIP UPN
“Veteran” Jawa Timur, 1, 85-86.
Iqbal, Z. (2010). Understanding Islamophobia:
Conceptualizing and Measuring the Construct.
European Journal of Social Sciences, 13(4), 575.
Ismail, M. J. (2018). Islamophobia and the United States
Presidential Policy (2001-2017). JURNAL
WACANA SARJANA, II, 2.
James w.Tankard, J. (2001). Chapter 4-The Empirical
Approach to The Study of Media Framing. In O.
H. Stephen D. Reese, Framing Public Life:
Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of
the Social World (pp. 95-101). Mhawa, New
Jersey, Columbia, South Carolina, London:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Kundnani, A. (2016). Islamophobia: lay ideology of US-led
empire. International Institute of Islamic Thought,
-5.
Kusmawardani, R. S. (2017). KEBIJAKAN WAR ON
TERRORISM PRESIDEN GEORGE W. BUSH
DI TIMUR TENGAH. Repository Universitas
Jember, 53. Retrieved from
http://repository.unej.ac.id/handle/123456789/133
Leal, A. D. (2020, June 19). The rise and fall of the United
States in global hegemony. SciELO - Circuito
Mario de la Cueva s/n. Ciudad de la Investigación
en Humanidades, 50(199).
doi:https://doi.org/10.22201/iiec.20078951e.2019
.199.67934
Mohamed, B. (2018, January 3). New estimates show U.S.
Muslim population continues to grow. Retrieved
from Pew Reseacrh Center:
Muhammad Qobidl' Ainul Arif, M. (2014). Politik
Islamophobia Eropa: Menguak Eksistensi
Sentimen ANti-Islam dalam Isu Keanggotaan di
Turki. Yogayakarta, DIY Yogyakarta, Indonesia:
Deepublish publisher.
Muzni, N. (2020). Peran Media Dalam Mengkonstruksi
Makna Islamophobia Sebagai Agama Teroris dan
Ekstremis. In D. J. Unib, & S. M. Yuliati (Ed.),
Bunga Rampai Riset Komunikasi (3rd ed., pp. 13-
. Bengkulu: Desanta Muliavisitama Anggota
IKAPI Daerah Banten No. 043/BANTEN/2020.
Nashrullah, M. L. (2020, October 7). Diskriminasi di AS,
Muslim Lebih Parah Dibanding Yahudi.
Indonesia: Republika.co.id. Retrieved from
Khazanah:
https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qhswk4320/dis
kriminasi-di-as-muslim-lebih-parah-dibandingyahudi
NFARIDAHAZIMAH. (2016, January 7).
ISLAMOPHOBIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF
KONSTRUKTIVISME. Retrieved from
Wordpress.com:
https://nurfaridahazimah.wordpress.com/2016/01/
/islamophobia-dalam-perspektifkonstruktivisme/
Othman, S. A. (2019, January). Islamophobia as an
Antithesis of Western Hegemony in John Updike’s
Terrorist. International Journal of English,
Literature and Social Science (IJELS), IV(5),
-1558. doi:10.22161/ijels.45.44
Putri, S. B. (2020). ISLAMOFOBIA DI KALANGAN
MASYARAKAT BARAT DAN
IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP UMAT ISLAM
JERMAN DAN AMERIKA SERIKAT. UIN
Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 85-88.
Reddy, M. K. (2006, May 9). Colonialism. Retrieved from
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/?fbc
lid=IwAR10jpgfTWlU5LEG3JgFnPA3308-
_cMXg3bScbrzX26exDn3ZiaiLPkSQ
REUS-SMIT, C. (2005). Chapter 8-Constructivism. In A.
L.-S. Scott Burchill, Theories of International
Relations (3rd ed., pp. 199-223). NewYork:
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.
Schwarz, C. L. (1993). American Hegemony: Without an
Enemy. JSTOR(92), 5.
doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1149142
SETIANINGSIH, N. A. (2015). Islamophobia As A
Strategy of United States to Defend of World
Hegemony. University of Muhammadiyah
Yogyakarta , 2-3.
Seyyed-Abdolhamid Mirhosseini, H. R. (2016).
Introduction: Islamophobia as a global concern
beyond Muslim communities. In H. R. Seyyed-
Abdolhamid Mirhosseini, Instances of
Islamophobia Demonizing the Muslim “Other”
(pp. 6-10). United States of America: Lexington
Books. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283088
Sheehi, S. (2018). Islamophobia: The Ideological Campaign
Against Muslims. (S. Haider, Ed.) Journal of
Language and Discrimination, II, 192-193. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jld.37360
Wajahat Ali, E. C. (2011). Fear, Inc. – The Roots of the
Islamophobia Network in America. America: The
Cordoba Foundation.
WALKER, S. L. (2013). Islamophobia in America: The
Anatomy of Intolerance. In S. L. WALKER, & C.
W. ERNST (Ed.), Islamophobia in America: The
Anatomy of Intolerance (pp. 96-99). United States:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Wittes, T. C. (2007, March 22). American Hegemony: Myth
and Reality. Retrieved from Brookings:
https://www.brookings.edu/articles/americanhegemony-myth-and-reality/
Zulian, I. (2019, February). ANALISIS PENGARUH
ISLAMOPHOBIA TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN
LUAR NEGERI AMERIKA SERIKAT DI
PEMERINTAHAN DONALD TRUMP. Jurnal
PIR, 3 No.2, 141. Retrieved from
file:///C:/Users/LENOVO/Downloads/596-1775-
-PB.pdf