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The Potential of Red Watermelon Extract as Teeth Whitening Toothpaste
Corresponding Author(s) : Nur Azizah Marahaini
Proceedings Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Undergraduate Conference,
Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021): Engaging Youth in Community Development to Strengthen Nation's Welfare
Abstract
Introduction – The teeth are composed of enamel, dentine, pulp, and cementum. The enamel of the tooth contains hydroxyapatite crystals [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] which are small in size and allow for the transfer of ions in chromogen substances causing discoloration of the teeth. Tooth discoloration will eliminate the aesthetic value of the individual's appearance. The use of chemicals and abrasive materials contained in conventional toothpaste in whitening teeth can cause side effects in the form of irritation of the oral mucosal tissue and abrasion of the surface of the teeth, so a safe natural treatment is required. Malic acid in red watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a powerful oxidizer that can be used to whiten teeth.
Methodology/Approach – Data source search is done using the Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct search engine with Medical Subject Headings and selected for publication in the past five years.
Findings – The principle of dental whitening is oxidation reaction between whitening agent and chromogenic factor, regardless red watermelon has a malic acid as a powerful oxidizer and can be used to whiten teeth.
Implication – Home and office dental whitening with carbamide or hydrogen peroxide can cause dental sensitivity. There is a new bleaching proposal without the use of chemical ingredients, thus reducing post-treatment sensitivity. Red watermelon has such a whitening toothpaste with natural ingredients.
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- Aprilianti, Elfira.(2018). “The Effect of Citrus Limon and Whitening Toothpaste to Teeth Color Changes (Study on the Right Maxillary Central Incisor of 18 Year Old Female).” Pp. 211–14 in International Dental Conference of Sumatera Utara 2017 (IDCSU 2017). Atlantis Press.
- Baranova, Juliana, Dominik Büchner, Werner Götz, Margit Schulze, and Edda Tobiasch.(2020). “Tooth Formation: Are the Hardest Tissues of Human Body Hard to Regenerate?” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21(11). doi: 10.3390/ijms21114031.
- Bortolatto, Janaina F. reita., Andrea A. b. Rached Dantas, Ávery Roncolato, Hugo Merchan, Michael C. hristophe. Floros, Milton C. arlo. Kuga, and Osmir B. atist. de Oliveira Junior.(2016). “Does a Toothpaste Containing Blue Covarine Have Any Effect on Bleached Teeth? An in Vitro, Randomized and Blinded Study.” Brazilian Oral Research 30(1):1–7. doi:10.1590/1807-3107BOR- 2016.vol30.0033.
- CABI.(2021). Invasive Species Compendium.Wallingford, UK: CAB International
- Divya, S., J. Suresh, and S. Meenakshi. (2021). “Comprehensive Review on Herbal Toothpaste.” Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 9509– 18.
- Epple, Matthias, Frederic Meyer, and Joachim Enax.(2019). “A Critical Review of Modern Concepts for Teeth Whitening.” Dentistry Journal 7(3):79
- Gao, Lei, Shengjie Zhao, Xuqiang Lu, Nan He, Hongju Zhu, Junling Dou, and Wenge Liu.(2018). “Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Genes Potentially Related to Soluble Sugar and Organic Acid Accumulation in Watermelon.” PloS One 13(1):e0190096.
- Greenwall, Linda.(2017). Tooth Whitening Techniques. CRC Press
- Hamza, Blend, Thomas Attin, Pune Nina Paqué, Daniel B. Wiedemeier, and Florian J. Wegehaupt.(2020). “Mechanical Properties of Toothpastes with Diamond Abrasives.” Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 32(4):416–23.
- Jorge, Perdigão.(2016). Tooth Whitening: An EvidenceBased Perspective. Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland: 24- 29.
- Kansal, Sheenam, Lucky Jindal, Kriti Garg, Kalpna Thakur, Silky Mehta, and Himangi Pachori.(2020). “Discoloration of Teeth: A Literature Review.” International Journal of Health and Clinical Research 3(2):58–62
- Li Y. (2017). Stain Removal and Whitening by Baking Soda Dentifrice. Jada 2017, 148(11 Suppl):20s-26s
- Lippert, Frank, Mona A. Arrageg, George J. Eckert, and Anderson T. Hara.(2017). “Interaction between Toothpaste Abrasivity and Toothbrush Filament Stiffness on the Development of Erosive/Abrasive Lesions in Vitro.” International Dental Journal 67(6):344–50.
- Lumuhu, Enny F. S., Martha M. Kaseke, and Wulan G. Parengkuan.(2016). “Perbedaan Efektivitas Jus Tomat (Lucopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Dan Jus Apel (Mallus Sylvestris Mill.) Sebagai Bahan Alami Pemutih Gigi.” E-GiGi 4(2).
- Maoto, Makaepea M., Daniso Beswa, and Afam I. O. Jideani.(2019). “Watermelon as a Potential Fruit Snack.” International Journal of Food Properties 22(1):355–70
- Nam, Seoul-Hee, Hyeon-Sook Kwun, Sea-Hee Cheon, and Hye-Young Kim.(2017). “Effects of Whitening Toothpaste on Color Change and Mineral Contents of Dental Hard Tissues.”
- Prskalo, Katica, Eva Klaric Sever, Ivan Aleric, Tatjana Antonic Jelic, and Ivona Zaja.(2017). “Risk Factors Associated with Black Tooth Stain.” Acta Clin Croat 56(1):28–35
- Tabassum, A.(2021). Classification of tooth staining. Journal Clinical Dentistry Oral Health , 1-4.
- Setyawati, Any, and Syifa Nabila Farah Fauziah Nur.(2020). “The Effectiveness Differences Between Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus) Extract 100% and Carbamide Peroxide Gel 10% in Tooth Whitening (Ex Vivo).” Journal of Indonesian Dental Association 3(1):31–36.
- Verma, Reetu, and Maharishi Tomar.(2017). “Watermelon: A Valuable Horticultural Crop with Nutritional Benefits.” PopularKheti 5:5– 9.
- Yulita, Ita, Ita Astit Karmawati, and Rahaju Budiarti.(2019). “Strawberry Extract as a Tooth Stain Remover.” Health Notions 3(1):28–31
- Yuniarti, Achaditani, N. M.(2016). Penggunaan Pemutih Gigi Mengandung Hidrogen Peroksida 40 % Dibanding dengan Strawberry ( Fragaria X ananassa ) terhadap Teeth Bleaching Hydrogen Peroxide 40 % Compared with Strawberry ( Fragaria X ananassa ) to Enamel Thickness , Calcium Level and Compres. Global Medical and Health Communication, 4(1), 7– 15.
References
Aprilianti, Elfira.(2018). “The Effect of Citrus Limon and Whitening Toothpaste to Teeth Color Changes (Study on the Right Maxillary Central Incisor of 18 Year Old Female).” Pp. 211–14 in International Dental Conference of Sumatera Utara 2017 (IDCSU 2017). Atlantis Press.
Baranova, Juliana, Dominik Büchner, Werner Götz, Margit Schulze, and Edda Tobiasch.(2020). “Tooth Formation: Are the Hardest Tissues of Human Body Hard to Regenerate?” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21(11). doi: 10.3390/ijms21114031.
Bortolatto, Janaina F. reita., Andrea A. b. Rached Dantas, Ávery Roncolato, Hugo Merchan, Michael C. hristophe. Floros, Milton C. arlo. Kuga, and Osmir B. atist. de Oliveira Junior.(2016). “Does a Toothpaste Containing Blue Covarine Have Any Effect on Bleached Teeth? An in Vitro, Randomized and Blinded Study.” Brazilian Oral Research 30(1):1–7. doi:10.1590/1807-3107BOR- 2016.vol30.0033.
CABI.(2021). Invasive Species Compendium.Wallingford, UK: CAB International
Divya, S., J. Suresh, and S. Meenakshi. (2021). “Comprehensive Review on Herbal Toothpaste.” Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 9509– 18.
Epple, Matthias, Frederic Meyer, and Joachim Enax.(2019). “A Critical Review of Modern Concepts for Teeth Whitening.” Dentistry Journal 7(3):79
Gao, Lei, Shengjie Zhao, Xuqiang Lu, Nan He, Hongju Zhu, Junling Dou, and Wenge Liu.(2018). “Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Genes Potentially Related to Soluble Sugar and Organic Acid Accumulation in Watermelon.” PloS One 13(1):e0190096.
Greenwall, Linda.(2017). Tooth Whitening Techniques. CRC Press
Hamza, Blend, Thomas Attin, Pune Nina Paqué, Daniel B. Wiedemeier, and Florian J. Wegehaupt.(2020). “Mechanical Properties of Toothpastes with Diamond Abrasives.” Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 32(4):416–23.
Jorge, Perdigão.(2016). Tooth Whitening: An EvidenceBased Perspective. Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland: 24- 29.
Kansal, Sheenam, Lucky Jindal, Kriti Garg, Kalpna Thakur, Silky Mehta, and Himangi Pachori.(2020). “Discoloration of Teeth: A Literature Review.” International Journal of Health and Clinical Research 3(2):58–62
Li Y. (2017). Stain Removal and Whitening by Baking Soda Dentifrice. Jada 2017, 148(11 Suppl):20s-26s
Lippert, Frank, Mona A. Arrageg, George J. Eckert, and Anderson T. Hara.(2017). “Interaction between Toothpaste Abrasivity and Toothbrush Filament Stiffness on the Development of Erosive/Abrasive Lesions in Vitro.” International Dental Journal 67(6):344–50.
Lumuhu, Enny F. S., Martha M. Kaseke, and Wulan G. Parengkuan.(2016). “Perbedaan Efektivitas Jus Tomat (Lucopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Dan Jus Apel (Mallus Sylvestris Mill.) Sebagai Bahan Alami Pemutih Gigi.” E-GiGi 4(2).
Maoto, Makaepea M., Daniso Beswa, and Afam I. O. Jideani.(2019). “Watermelon as a Potential Fruit Snack.” International Journal of Food Properties 22(1):355–70
Nam, Seoul-Hee, Hyeon-Sook Kwun, Sea-Hee Cheon, and Hye-Young Kim.(2017). “Effects of Whitening Toothpaste on Color Change and Mineral Contents of Dental Hard Tissues.”
Prskalo, Katica, Eva Klaric Sever, Ivan Aleric, Tatjana Antonic Jelic, and Ivona Zaja.(2017). “Risk Factors Associated with Black Tooth Stain.” Acta Clin Croat 56(1):28–35
Tabassum, A.(2021). Classification of tooth staining. Journal Clinical Dentistry Oral Health , 1-4.
Setyawati, Any, and Syifa Nabila Farah Fauziah Nur.(2020). “The Effectiveness Differences Between Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus) Extract 100% and Carbamide Peroxide Gel 10% in Tooth Whitening (Ex Vivo).” Journal of Indonesian Dental Association 3(1):31–36.
Verma, Reetu, and Maharishi Tomar.(2017). “Watermelon: A Valuable Horticultural Crop with Nutritional Benefits.” PopularKheti 5:5– 9.
Yulita, Ita, Ita Astit Karmawati, and Rahaju Budiarti.(2019). “Strawberry Extract as a Tooth Stain Remover.” Health Notions 3(1):28–31
Yuniarti, Achaditani, N. M.(2016). Penggunaan Pemutih Gigi Mengandung Hidrogen Peroksida 40 % Dibanding dengan Strawberry ( Fragaria X ananassa ) terhadap Teeth Bleaching Hydrogen Peroxide 40 % Compared with Strawberry ( Fragaria X ananassa ) to Enamel Thickness , Calcium Level and Compres. Global Medical and Health Communication, 4(1), 7– 15.