Fermented Elephant Grass in Anticipation of Climate Change

. Various efforts that need to be made in anticipating climate change include increasing public awareness. Public awareness needs to be increased in society, especially by applying political pressure, changing transportation models, and changing diets both for humans and animals. Climate change has impacted almost all countries and regions, including Indo-nesia and the Sleman district, where Glagaharjo village is located. In dry climate conditions, it can be expected that cattle breeders will experience difficulties in obtaining fodder. Therefore, cattle breeders in Glaharajo village need an alternative feed other than fresh elephant grass. The manufacture of fermented feed or silage so that grass products that are abundant in the rainy season can be stored to anticipate the dry season.


Introduction
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), climate change is a significant change that occurs in a certain period.Climate change can also be interpreted as drastic changes in temperature, rainfall, wind patterns, etc. Climate change occurs due to the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere, which causes the greenhouse gas effect [3].Global warming, which is worsening and continues to increase is one of the big reasons the climate keeps changing.Increasingly, unpredictable weather and changing seasonal patterns gradually cause changes in the pattern of human life on Earth.Climate changes are continuously due to interactions between its components and external factors such as volcanic eruptions, variations in sunlight, and factors caused by human activities such as changes in land use and use of fossil fuels.Climate change can be shown, among others, by the presence of high rainfall, prolonged dry seasons, an increase in water volume due to melting ice at the poles, the occurrence of natural disasters, tornadoes, and reduced water sources.Various efforts must be made to anticipate climate change, including increasing public awareness.Public awareness needs to be increased in society, especially by applying political pressure, changing transportation models, and changing diets, both for humans and animals.The impact of climate change has had an impact in all countries and all regions, including in Indonesia and Sleman district, Glagaharjo Village is located on the border of the Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java, with an area of 795 ha.Juridically, the Glagaharjo Village is located in Kapanewon Cangkringan, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, with an altitude of ± 600 to 1150 m above sea level with a sandy soil structure, with the following boundaries: To the south: Argomulyo Village; To the north: Forestry; To the east: Central Java Province; To the west: Wukirsari & Kepuharjo.This village has 10 (ten) villages, namely Besalen; Banjarsari; Ngancar; Glagah Malang; Jetis Sumur; Gading; Singlar; Srunen; Kalitengah Kidul; Kalitengah Lor [2].
Glagaharjo Village, Cangkringan District, Sleman Regency is still the forerunner for more than 500 cattle breeders producing 8,400 liters of cow's milk per day which is supplied to several large dairy industry companies in Indonesia, including Nestle, Ultra Jaya, and Sari Husada.Cattle farmers in Glagaharjo Village are currently focussing on dairy production.Initially, the only cattle breeders in Glagaharjo Village depended on the sale of beef cattle for their income, even though this sale is seasonal, such as during the Eid al-Adha.Therefore, farmers in Glagaharjo Village are encouraged to become dairy farmers.
Forage is one of the determining factors in the development of the livestock business, especially for ruminant animals, because it plays a vital role in supporting livestock growth, production, reproduction, and health.Inadequate availability of forage, both in quantity and quality, is one of the obstacles to the development of the livestock business.Thus, it is necessary to make efforts to provide good enough forage, and its continuity can be guaranteed.An effort must be made to maintain, increase production, and grow and develop forage.One of the potential forages that are often given to livestock is elephant grass.Apart from elephant grass in the village, rainwater is available [7].Corn baggol can also be used as feed and processed through fermentation [10].Glagaharjo Village has a pasture land planted with elephant grass.The grass thrives during the rainy season and the elephant grass harvest is abundant [6].
However, with climate change, it cannot be ensured when the rainy season will arrive and when it will end because climate change is uncertain.In dry climate conditions, it can be expected that cattle breeders will experience difficulties in obtaining fodder.Therefore, cattle breeders in Glaharajo Village need an alternative feed other than fresh elephant grass.The training program for making fermented animal feed is not a renewable activity.In Glagaharjo Village, the issue of animal feed is considered necessary due to the condition of Glagaharjo Village, which is rich in elephant grass during rainy seasons and decreases during the dry season.In rainy seasons, there is an excess supply of elephant grass feed.

Methodology
This study was conducted by carrying out a pilot project to ensure that feed is adequate for cattle in all seasons.Various activities can be carried out, namely: 1. Provide training on how to plant elephant grass and how to increase the productivity of elephant grass cultivation.2. Preserve elephant grass so that it can be used as feed in dry seasons.One way to preserve abundant feed is by making fermented feed.Fermented feed is animal feed resulting from breaking down organic compounds with the help of microorganisms into simple compounds.Fermented feed also becomes an alternative feed made with readily available local ingredients that can be stored and last for a long time.One of the fermented feeds is elephant grass silage.Elephant grass is easy to get and cultivate, like cassava, namely by cuttings.The activity will involve cattle breeder participants in the village of Glagaharjo on an inclusive basis.The purpose of inclusion of people with disabilities [8] as part of the residents in Glagaharjo Village must also be part of the participants in this activity aiming at improving their welfare.

Planting Elephant Grass
Elephant grass is one type most often cultivated as animal feed, for example, for goats, buffalo, or cows.Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is a large grass with high nutrients, usually used as animal feed such as cows, goats, or elephants.The resistance of elephant grass to hot weather is an advantage rarely obtained from other similar plants.
Interestingly, this plant can also support the environment, such as mulch, weed control, erosion control, and fertilizer for arid soil.This plant, which has the scientific name Pennisetum purpureum, is easy to breed and has simple growing conditions.It is tolerant in many types of environments.Elephant grass is a tropical plant that grows to form dense, thick clumps.It is firmly rooted with a rough trunk reaching 4-7 meters in height.This plant grows quickly and is invasive, so you must pay attention to where the elephant grass is suitable for planting.
Elephant grass plants can be grown via seeds, division of clumps, or stem cuttings.The steps for planting elephant grass are as follows: first, the preparation of the planting medium.The preparation of the planting medium is to prepare the cultivation area with ample space, for example, in the garden, till the soil by loosening or hoeing and clearing it from weeds or rocks.Then, add manure or compost to provide nutrients to the planting medium.After that, it is necessary to prepare the seeds.If planting elephant grass uses seeds, then what needs to be done is to soak the seeds in water to initiate germination.When planting elephant grass using cuttings, it is necessary to cut the plant stems by leaving two segments to grow roots and new shoots.If you use clump or tiller division techniques, isolate saplings with lots of roots.They are planting seeds.Seedlings that come from seeds can be sown directly on the soil's surface.Whereas seeds from cuttings or separation of tillers can be planted in the planting medium in an inclined position with a slope of approximately 45 degrees.Plant the seeds about 50-100 cm apart to give them room to grow.The soil around the planting of the seeds is sprinkled with water to provide moisture.These plant seeds will usually grow in about a few weeks-about three months.Put it in the barrel (try to be as dense as possible so there are no air spaces) f.Close the barrels tightly because the principle of silage is anaerobic g.Store it for 14 days 2. It is hoped that the initial assistance for making fermented cow feed for cattle farmers in Gading Hamlet can practice how to plant elephant grass, providing more productivity.Silage is preserved forage stored in airtight plastic bags or silos, or drums.This silage aims to improve the quality of elephant grass or other forage plants by improving nutritional quality and digestibility, increasing storage durability, overcoming the need for forage during certain seasons, and using agricultural waste products.
Silage has the advantage that besides increasing storage durability, silage also has other advantages.Another advantage of silage is that it is easier to make because it does not require an anaerobic curing site.Just semi-aerobic means not.Anaerobic means organisms that can live well without oxygen.Semi-aerobic means a fermentation processing process that utilizes aerobic microorganisms, using oxygen as energy for the metabolism of these bacteria.The nutritional content produced is also higher, can meet 70-90% of the nutritional needs of cattle, and has organoleptic properties (fragrant, sour), so it is preferred by cattle (Cybex.2021).Training on making elephant grass fermentation [11] to maintain the availability of cattle feed at all times.Making silage feed [9] aims to extend the shelf life of forage feed and maintain nutrients in the forage feed.Making fermented feed aims to increase the nutritional content of feed that has decreased nutrition.The stages of making elephant grass fermentation are preparing tools and materials; Grass can be chopped manually or with copper; Mix the grass with the bran thoroughly [1]; Sprinkling on molasses; Putting it in the barrel (try to be as tight as possible so there are no air spaces); Close the barrel tightly because the principle of silage is anaerobic or airtight, then elephant grass is stored for 14 days.

Required Materials, Tools, and Manufacturing Methods
The materials needed are large plastic bags/drums, tarpaulin, a chopping machine, plastic ropes, seven parts forage (Dotan/Indigofera), two parts bran/rice bran/cassava, and 1 part molasses.The order of the manufacturing method is to lay out a broad sheet of tarpaulin/plastic; Chop the forage into 5-10 cm sizes (the smaller, the finer) on a wide tarpaulin/plastic; Spread the forage on a wide tarpaulin/plastic then flatten it; Sprinkle bran/rice bran/cassava evenly on top of the forage; Sprinkle the molasses evenly over the bran/bran/cassava and forage; Stir well; Put the mixture into a large plastic drum/bag which has been tightly closed underneath to a quarter of the height of the drum/plastic bag then compact it; Add the chopped elephant grass back up to half the height then compact it; put the material back up to the maximum height in the drum or for the use of plastic bags, leaving the height of the plastic so that it can be tied tightly and then compact it; then close and press firmly, so no air gets inside, and do not let it leak; keep in the shade; Silage can be started after 21 days.

Things to note
The condition of the tools and materials used must be clean, not mixed with dirt so that they are not contaminated.The presence of dirt can result in unsuccessful silage making, and the mixed material becomes "COMPOST" instead of "FEED".Silage is a process of processing forage forage by preserving it through a fermentation process and can be stored for a long time ranging from 3-6 months.Make sure the storage is tightly closed again after taking the silage for feed.Good silage has the following characteristics: It is yellowish green in color, has a soft texture, and water and smell do not come out when compacted.It is assumed that the condition of forage or agricultural waste is rather dry.In that case, additional water is needed so that the mixture's water content reaches 40%.Ensure the mixture of the ingredients is compacted in a large plastic drum/bag, thereby reducing air in the silage-making process must be done.

Conclusion
Based on the results of this activity, Fermented Animal Feed (Silage) is an alternative type of feed that can be used in cattle and goats.Making Fermented Animal Feed (Silage) also aims to accommodate excess elephant grass production during rainy seasons, but it has not been used.It is necessary to continue to use existing materials to the fullest so that the availability of feed can continue to be guaranteed with the ultimate goal being to increase livestock productivity.

3. 2 .
Making Silage: Fermentation of Elephant Grass Plants 1. Training on making elephant grass fermentation [11] to maintain the availability of cattle feed at all times.Making silage feed [9] aims to extend the shelf life of forage feed and maintain nutrients in the forage feed.Making fermented feed aims to increase the nutritional content of feed that has decreased nutrition.The steps to produce silage: a. Prepare tools and materials b.Chop the grass manually or with copper c.Mix grass with bran until evenly distributed [1] d. Sprinkle on the molasses e.

Figure 2
Figure 2 Elephant Grass Plant Fermentation Training.